Priests in ancient Egypt applied bloodletting to treat many diseases

The use of autogenous skin flaps to replace missing noses was conceived in third century, sainted physicians Cosmos and Damien envisioned complex transplants such as an entire leg as depicted in paintings

Bloodletting spread to Greece and the ancient world

Bloodletting was predominantly used by the barber surgeon

Tagliacozzi and other pioneering plastic surgeons were successful at autogenous skin flap replacement surgeries

Bloodletting reached its height of popularity

Hunter transplanted human teeth and autotransplanted cock’s spurs into their combs

Jallabert “electrized” stroke patients and improved hand functions

LeGallois conceptualized artificial blood oxygenation

Brown-Sequard obtained “red” blood by whipping “black” blood; the bubble oxygenator was devised based on this bubbling oxygenation theory

Graham discovered the principal of dialysis

Reverdin discovered that small, thin grafts would heal; soon thereafter extensive experiences with both autografts and homografts was accumulated

Pollock described a set of successful autografts while on the same patient’s wound homografts from donors disappeared

Fry and Gruber oxygenator operated on the principal of rotation on a Cylinder

First hip prosthesis made of ivory

Jacobj described a complex organ perfusion apparatus that relied on donor lungs for gas exchange

Dӧrfler and Jaboulay introduced the full-thickness blood vessel suturing technique

Metchnikoff proposed the use of antiserum to mitigate cellular immunity