Milestones Through 1900

Priests in ancient Egypt applied bloodletting to treat many diseases.

The use of autogenous skin flaps to replace missing noses was conceived in third century, sainted physicians Cosmos and Damien envisioned complex transplants such as an entire leg as depicted in paintings.

Bloodletting spread to Greece and the ancient world.

Bloodletting was predominantly used by the barber surgeon.

Tagliacozzi and other pioneering plastic surgeons were successful at autogenous skin flap replacement surgeries.

Hunter transplanted human teeth and autotransplanted cock’s spurs into their combs.

LeGallois conceptualized artificial blood oxygenation

Brown-Sequard obtained “red” blood by whipping “black” blood; the bubble oxygenator was devised based on this bubbling oxygenation theory

Graham discovered the principal of dialysis

Fry and Gruber oxygenator operated on the principal of rotation on a Cylinder

First hip prosthesis made of ivory

Fleig reported first therapeutic approach of apheresis with autotransfusions with washed blood cells in toxemia and hetero transfusions in anemia

Abel, Rowntree, and Turner described the principle of hemodialysis, used cellulose tubes, hirudin for anticoagulation (note contributions to plasmapheresis)

Lim and Necheles used heparin as an anticoagulant

Thalhimer introduced cellulose tubing for hemodialysis

Kolff develops rotating drum artificial kidney and applies it clinically in acute renal failure patients

Gibbons performs the first successful open heart surgical procedure with heart lung bypass